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Notes
1. United Nations. 1995. Population and
Development, vol. 1: Programme of Action
adopted at the International Conference on
Population and Development: Cairo, 5-13
September 1994, paragraph 7.41. New
York: Department of Economic and
Social Information and Policy Analysis,
United Nations.
2. Rebourças, L. 2002. “Brazil Confronts
Adolescent Sexual Health Issues.”
Washington, D.C.: Population Reference
Bureau. Web site:
www.prb.org//Template.cfm?Section=
RB&template=/Content/ContentGroups/
Articles/02/Brazil_Confronts_Adolescent_
Sexual_Health_Issues.htm, accessed
13 November 2002.
3. Brown, A., et al. 2001. Sexual Relations
among Young People in Developing
Countries: Evidence from WHO Case
Studies (WHO/RHR/01.8). Occasional
Paper. Geneva: Family and Community
Health, Department of Reproductive
Health and Research, WHO, pg. 35.
This section also draws extensively on:
McCauley, A. P., and C. Salter. 1995.
Meeting the Needs Of Young Adults.
Population Reports. Series J, No. 41.
Baltimore, Maryland: Population
Information Program, Johns Hopkins
School of Public Health.
4. Examples from: Brown, et al. 2001,
pp. 29-30.
5. Ibid., p. 30.
6. Ibid., p. 34.
7. Federal Centre for Health Education.
1998. Youth Sexuality 1998: Results of the
Current Representative Survey. Cologne:
The Centre.
8. See: Grunseit, A., and S. Kippax, 1993.
Effects of Sex Education on Young People’s
Sexual Behavior. Geneva: WHO; Kirby, D.
2001. Emerging Answers: Research
Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen
Pregnancy. Washington, D.C.: National
Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
Web site: www.teenpregnancy.org,
accessed 7 July 2003; and Health
Development Agency. 2001. Teenage
Pregnancy: An Update on Key
Characteristics of Effective Interventions.
London: National Health Service.
Web site: www.hda-online.org.uk/
documents/teenpreg.pdf, accessed
7 July 2003.
9. Brown, et al. 2001, p. 35.
10. Kirby 2001. Cited in: “Sexuality and
Family Life Education Helps Prepare
Young People,” No. 2 in a Series, by
K. Katz and W. Finger. 2002. YouthLens
on Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS.
Arlington, Virginia: YouthNet.
11. “AIDS Education Fails to Change
Behavior.” 2 November 2002. East
African Standard (Nairobi).
12. Perez, F., and F. Dabis. 2003. “HIV
Prevention in Latin America: Reaching
Youth in Colombia,” p. 85. AIDS Care
15(1): 77-87.
13. O’Donoghue, J. 2002. “Zimbabwe’s
AIDS Action Programme for Schools.”
Evaluation and Programme Planning
25(4): 387-396.
14. Stewart, H., et al. 2001. Reducing HIV
Infection Among Youth: What Can Schools
Do: Key Baseline Findings from Mexico,
South Africa, and Thailand. Washington,
D.C.: Horizons Program, the Population
Council.
15. Perez and Dabis 2003.
16. Population Reference Bureau. 2000. The
World’s Youth 2000. Washington, D.C.:
Population Reference Bureau. Cited in:
“Youth and HIV/AIDS: Can We Avoid
Catastrophe,” by K. Kiragu. 2001.
Population Reports. Series L. No. 12.
Baltimore, Maryland: Population
Information Program, the Johns Hopkins
University Bloomberg School of Public
Health.
17. Kirby 2001.
18. In assessing the reaction to the ABC
message in Botswana, one analysis
concluded that “human choices are constrained
and depend on who and where
one is, especially in such emotive and
important an area as human sexuality.
People cannot be assumed to be
autonomous agents operating in a social
vacuum. It has become increasingly
clear that while some may have such
choice, there are many others who have
no such freedom, and the position of
women, whether married, poor or
young, has been a particular focus of
concern.” Heald, S. 2002. “It’s Never As
Easy as ABC: Understandings of AIDS in
Botswana,” p.3. African Journal of AIDS
Research 1(1): 1-10.
19. Source: Shelton, J. 29 July 2002.
“Jim Shelton’s Pearls: ABC Approach
to Behaviour Change.” Web site:
www.jhuccp.org/pearls/2002/
07-29.shtml.
20. Stanton, B. F., et al. 1998. “Increased
Protected Sex and Abstinence Among
Namibian Youth Following a HIV Riskreduction
Intervention: A Randomized,
Longitudinal Study.” AIDS 12(18):
2473-2480.
21. Barcelona, D., and L. Laski. 2002.
“Introduction: What Are We Learning
about Sexuality Education?”
Quality/Calidad/Qualité: Universal
Sexuality Education in Mongolia: Educating
Today to Protect Tomorrow. No. 12: 1-5.
New York: The Population Council.
22. Gerdts, C. 2002. “Universal Sexuality
Education in Mongolia: Educating Today
to Protect Tomorrow.” Universal Sexuality
Education in Mongolia: Educating Today to
Protect Tomorrow. Quality/Calidad/Qualité.
No. 12: 5-31. New York: The Population
Council.
23. Smith, J., and C. Colvin. 2000. Getting to
Scale in Young Adult Reproductive Health
Programs. FOCUS Tool Series. No. 3.
Washington, D.C.: FOCUS on Young
Adults, Pathfinder International; and
UNFPA. n.d. “UNFPA in Action: Case
Study: Critical Information: Getting the
Message Out: Bangladesh, Colombia,
Jamaica, Occupied Palestinian
Territories, Philippines, Vanuatu,
Vietnam.” New York: UNFPA. Web Site:
www.unfpa.org/adolescents/casestudies/
case001.htm, accessed 5 January 2003.
24. Perez and Dabis 2003.
25. FOCUS on Young Adults. n.d.
“Evaluation of Life Skills in Public
Schools in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa:
Baseline Survey Report.” Unpublished
summary report. Washington, D.C.:
FOCUS on Young Adults, Pathfinder
International.
26. Pick de Weiss, S., et al. 1998. “Family
Life Education Increases Contraceptive
Knowledge and Use by Mexican Youth.”
Operations Research Summaries.
New York: The Population Council.
27. UNFPA n.d.
28. International Planned Parenthood
Federation. 2001a. “Working in Schools:
Sex Education in Brazil.” IPPF/WHR
Spotlight on Youth. No. 3. New York:
International Planned Parenthood
Federation.
29. Boland, R. 2003. Population and Law
database (Harvard University). Special
compendium provided on request, p. 10.
30. Ibid., p. 2.
31. Ibid., p. 1.
32. Ibid.
33. Pick, S., M. Givaudan, and J. Brown.
2000. “Quietly Working for School-
Based Sexuality Education in Mexico:
Strategies for Advocacy.” Reproductive
Health Matters 8(16): 92-102.
34. Family Care International. 1999. Get the
Facts: A Flipchart for Adolescents. New
York: Family Care International.
35. Bond, K., and L. MacLaren. 1998. “Report
on Consultancy to NIPHP Partners:
Bangladesh: November 29-December
14, 1998.” Washington, D.C.: FOCUS on
Young Adults, Pathfinder International.
36. Barkat, A., et al. 1999. “An Assessment
of RSDP/BRAC Adolescent Family Life
Education Program.” Washington, D.C.:
FOCUS on Young Adults, Pathfinder
International.
37. Meeting with Centre for Development
and Population Activities (CEDPA) staff,
26 April 2000; and unpublished CEDPA
memos and reports.
38. Senderowitz, J. 2000. “A Review of
Program Approaches to Adolescent
Reproductive Health.” Poptech
Assignment. No. 2000.176. Arlington,
Virginia: Population Technical
Assistance Project.
39. “West African Youth Initiative Project:
Summary of Key Findings.” n.d. Ibadan,
Nigeria, and Washington, D.C.:
Association for Reproductive and Family
Health, African Regional Health
Education Centre, and Advocates
for Youth.
40. Speizer, I., B. Oleko Tambashe, and
S. P. Tegang. 2001. “An Evaluation of
the ‘Entre Nous Jeunes’ Peer-educator
Program for Adolescents in Cameroon.”
Studies in Family Planning 32(4): 339-351.
41. International Planned Parenthood
Federation. 2001b. “Working in
Communities: Youth Peer Education in
the Dominican Republic.” IPPF/WHR
Spotlight on Youth. No. 2. New York:
International Planned Parenthood
Federation/Western Hemisphere
Region.
42. “Zambia Youth Reproductive Health.”
2001. OR Summary. No. 17. New York:
Frontiers in Reproductive Health, the
Population Council.
43. United Nations Integrated Regional
Information Networks (IRIN). 20 May
2002. “Training for HIV/Aids Youth
Counsellors Launched.” Web site:
www.aegis.com/news/irin/2002/IR020
510.html, accessed 5 December 2002.
44. Campbell, C., and C. MacPhail. 2002.
“Peer Education, Gender and the
Development of Critical Consciousness:
Participatory HIV Prevention by South
African Youth.” Social Science and
Medicine 55(2): 331-345.
45. Australian Red Cross and Lao Red Cross.
2003. “Youth Peer Education: A
Gendered Perspective.” Web site:
http://archives.healthdev.net/genderaids/
msg00512.html, 23 April posting.
46. Abang, M. 1996. “Promoting HIV/AIDS
Prevention on Nigerian Campuses:
Students Take the Lead.” AIDScaptions
3(3). Cited in: “Cross-generational
and Transactional Sexual Relations in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the
Evidence and Prevalence for Negotiation
of Safe Sex Practices for Adolescent
Girls,” by N. Luke. 2001. Paper prepared
for the International Center for Research
on Women for the AIDSMark Project.
Washington, D.C.: International Center
for Research on Women.
47. Irvin, A. 2000. Taking Steps of Courage:
Teaching Adolescents about Sexuality and
Gender in Nigeria and Cameroon. New
York: International Women’s Health
Coalition. Cited in: Luke 2001.
48. UNICEF Ghana. 2002. “Evaluation of
HIV/AIDS Prevention Through Peer
Education, Counselling, Health Care,
Training, and Urban Refuges in Ghana.”
Evaluation and Programme Planning
25(4): 409-420.
49. Beaujour, S. 2000. Quoted in: Colbert, R.
2000. “HIV/AIDS-Cabaret: Youth
Motivated for Safe Sexual Relations.”
Web site:
panosinst.org/Island/IB46e.shtml,
accessed 5 December 2002.
50. Usually, one or more socio-cultural
characteristics, such as age, gender or
sex, as well as personal experiences,
such as drug use, child bearing at an
early age, HIV status, etc., are shared by
both the peer counsellor and the client.
51. This section is based on reporting by
Francisco Llaguno, who visited UNFPAsupported
projects throughout the
Philippines in early 2003.
52. Kohn, D. 2002. “Working with Out-ofschool
Youth in Belize and Peru.” Siecus
Report: Sexual Health Issues Worldwide
30(5).
53. Kahuthia, G., and S. Radeny. 1999.
“PATH, Kenya: Using Scouting as
a Vehicle for Reaching Out-of School
Youth.” FOCUS Project Highlights.
Washington, D.C.: FOCUS on Young
Adults. Web site: www.fhi.org/en/
youth/youthnet/publications/focus/
projecthighlights/kenyapath.htm,
accessed 8 June 2003.
54. Fongkaew, W., and K. Bond. 2001.
“Lifenet, Thailand: Promoting Social
Action Networks for Youth Health.”
FOCUS Project Highlights. Washington,
D.C.: FOCUS on Young Adults. Web site:
www.pathfind.org/pf/pubs/focus/
Project%20Highlights/lifenet5.html,
accessed 6 January 2003.
55. Abaunza, H. 2002. “Sexual Health
Exchange 2002-1: ‘Puntos de Encuentro’:
Communication for Development in
Nicaragua.” Amsterdam: KIT
Information Services, Royal Tropical
Institute. Web site: www.kit.nl/ils/
exchange_content/html/communication_
nicaragua_-_sexu.asp, accessed 15 July
2003.
56. “Nicaraguan Youth Begin to Play It Safe.”
2001. Communication Impact! No. 12.
Baltimore, Maryland: Center for
Communication Programs, Johns
Hopkins University.
57. Excerpted from: Kilm, Y. M., et al. 2001.
“Promoting Sexual Responsibility among
Young People in Zimbabwe.”
International Family Planning Perspectives
27(1): 11-19.
58. Moch, L., and C. Stevens. 1999.
“Reaching Adolescents Through
Hotlines and Radio Call-In Programs.”
In Focus Series. FOCUS on Young Adults.
Pathfinder International; “Key Youth
Programs: Use Hotlines” n.d. Baltimore,
Maryland: Center for Communication
Programs, Johns Hopkins University.
Web site: www.jhuccp.org/
resources/youth/key5.html, accessed
January 7, 2003; and International
Planned Parenthood Federation. 2001c.
“Youth Telephone Hotlines In Guatemala
and Columbia.” IPPF/WHR Spotlight on
Youth. No. 5. New York: International
Planned Parenthood Federation.
59. Moch and Stevens 1999.
60. Palmer, A. 2002. “Reaching Youth
Worldwide.” Working Paper 6.
Baltimore, Maryland: Center for
Communication Programs, Johns
Hopkins University.
61. Ibid.
62. “Studio 263 Key in Anti-Aids Drive:
Director.” 5 December 2002. The Daily
News (Harare). See Web site:
allAfrica.com.
63. Family Health International. 2002.
Behavioral Surveillance Survey 1999-2000.
Arlington, Virginia: Family Health
International; and Hope Enterprises Ltd.
2002a. Report of Adolescent Condom
Survey, Jamaica, 2001. Prepared for the
Commercial Market Strategies Project.
Kingston, Jamaica: Hope Enterprises Ltd.
Cited in: Adolescent Reproductive Health
Behaviors and Outcomes in Jamaica, by
K. Hardee, and L. Dougherty. 2002.
Kingston, Jamaica: Youth.now, The
Futures Group.
64. Rebourças 2002.
65. Holgate, Michael. 2000. “Programs for
Adolescents: The ‘Ashe’ Experience in
Jamaica.” Network 20(3): 28-29.
66. International Planned Parenthood
Federation. 2001d. Youth and Technology:
IPPF/WHR Experiences to Promote Sexual
and Reproductive Health. New York:
International Planned Parenthood
Federation.
67. Ibid.
68. Msimang, S., and S. Wilson (eds). 2002.
Act Now: A Resource Guide for Young
Women on HIV/AIDS. New York and
Toronto: UNIFEM and Association for
Women’s Rights in Development. Web
site: www.awid.org/publications/
publications.html, accessed 5 December
2002.
69. Web site: www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/
sci_tech/features/health/sexwise,
accessed 5 December 2002.
70. National Commission for International
Cooperation and Sustainable
Development. “The International
Education Project: HIV/Aids and Youth:
Beyond My Own Backyard.” Amsterdam:
National Commission for International
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content/nederlands/learn/
middenframe_aids.html, accessed
15 December 2002.
71. Web site: www.youthshakers.org.
72. Palmer 2002.
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